Introduction to the Terracotta Army
The Terracotta Army is part of the burial complex of Emperor Qin Shi Huang, located in Lintong District, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province. It is one of the greatest archaeological discoveries in history and is hailed as the "Eighth Wonder of the World." Accidentally discovered by local farmers drilling a well in 1974, it was opened to the public in 1979 and listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987.
The Terracotta Army pits are vast, with three pits discovered so far, covering a total area of over 20,000 square meters. Approximately 8,000 terracotta figures, horses, over 100 chariots, and hundreds of thousands of weapons have been unearthed. These figures, varied in form and lifelike, are arranged according to real military formations, showcasing the formidable military power of the Qin Dynasty.
The craftsmanship of the Terracotta Army is exquisite, with each figure having unique facial expressions, hairstyles, and clothing, reflecting the advanced sculptural artistry of the Qin Dynasty. The figures were originally painted in vibrant colors, but due to age and oxidation, most colors have faded, though some retain traces of their original brilliance.
My First Terracotta Army Experience
My first visit to the Terracotta Army was in the winter of 2018. Despite seeing countless photos and videos, standing before Pit 1 was an indescribable shock. Thousands of life-sized terracotta figures with varied expressions, arranged neatly in massive pits, felt like they could come to life and march for Emperor Qin at any moment. I was most amazed that each figure’s facial features are unique, said to be modeled after real soldiers. I highly recommend hiring a guide to explain the historical significance behind these details.
Historical Background
The Terracotta Army is part of Emperor Qin Shi Huang’s mausoleum, construction of which began in 246 BCE and took 39 years to complete. Emperor Qin Shi Huang (259–210 BCE), the first emperor to unify China, standardized writing, currency, and measurements, and built the Great Wall and imperial roads.
Qin Shi Huang began constructing his mausoleum at age 13, expanding it significantly after unifying China. According to the *Records of the Grand Historian*, the tomb contained "palaces, officials, rare artifacts, and treasures," with rivers and seas simulated using mercury. The Terracotta Army pits, located 1.5 km east of the tomb, symbolize the imperial guard protecting the capital.
The Terracotta Army was produced using a "modular" method: bodies were mass-produced with molds, while heads and hands were individually crafted to reflect unique characteristics. After molding, the figures were fired, painted, and arranged in military formations within the pits.
Statue of Qin Shi Huang
Qin Dynasty Territory
Craftsmanship
Main Attractions
Pit 1
Pit 2
Pit 3
Bronze Chariots
Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum
Exhibition Hall
Pit 1
Features: The largest pit, with over 6,000 terracotta figures excavated.
Highlights: Infantry and chariot formations.
Must-See: The three vanguard rows at the eastern end, flanked by side and rear guards.
Pit 2
Features: The most diverse in soldier types and complex in layout.
Highlights: Kneeling archers, standing archers, cavalry, and chariot figures.
Must-See: Well-preserved painted figures.
Pit 3
Features: The smallest pit, believed to be the command headquarters.
Highlights: Senior officer figures, chariots, and ceremonial weapons.
Must-See: Unique "concave" layout.
Bronze Chariots Exhibition Hall
Features: A pinnacle of Qin Dynasty bronze craftsmanship.
Highlights: Two large-scale painted bronze chariots, half the size of real ones.
Must-See: Intricate gold and silver decorations and complex mechanical structures.
Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum
Features: The largest imperial tomb in Chinese history.
Highlights: A 76-meter-high mound with a perimeter of over 2,000 meters.
Must-See: Tomb site and accompanying burial pits.
Surprise Discovery in Pit 2
While visiting Pit 2, the guide pointed out an area under restoration where workers were carefully cleaning a newly excavated figure. I learned that excavating and restoring a single figure can take months or even years. I was amazed to see figures with traces of paint, and though much of the color has faded, I could imagine their vibrant appearance 2,200 years ago.
Travel Guide
Best Time to Visit
Spring and Autumn (March–May, September–November): Pleasant weather, fewer tourists.
Avoid: July–August peak season (crowded and hot) and Chinese New Year (extremely crowded).
Transportation
1. Public Transport:
- Take Bus 5 (306) from Xi'an Railway Station East Square (1 hour, 7 CNY).
- Take Metro Line 1 to Fangzhicheng Station, then transfer to Bus 307.
- Take Metro Line 9 to Huaqingchi Station, then transfer to Lintong Bus 602.
2. Tourist Shuttles:
- Tourist buses from major Xi'an hotels go directly to the Terracotta Army.
- Choose reputable travel agencies to avoid low-price scams.
3. Self-Drive:
- Take the Lianhuo Expressway (G30) to Lintong exit, then follow Qin-Tang Avenue (approx. 40 minutes).
- Parking fees: 10 CNY for cars, 20 CNY for buses.
Ticket Information
| Attraction | Peak Season (Mar–Nov) | Off-Season (Dec–Feb) | Opening Hours |
|---|---|---|---|
| Terracotta Army Museum | 120 CNY | 120 CNY | 8:30–18:00 |
| Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum | Included in Terracotta Army ticket | Included in Terracotta Army ticket | 8:30–18:00 |
| Bronze Chariots Exhibition Hall | Included in Terracotta Army ticket | Included in Terracotta Army ticket | 8:30–18:00 |
Note: Discounts available for students, seniors, etc., with valid ID.
Suggested Visit Duration
Basic Tour: 2–3 hours (Pit 1 + Bronze Chariots).
In-Depth Tour: 4–5 hours (Pits 1, 2, 3 + Bronze Chariots + Exhibition Hall).
Full Tour: 6–7 hours (Terracotta Army + Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum + Lishan Garden).
My Visiting Tips
On my first visit, I made the mistake of allocating only 2 hours, which was far too short. Now, I recommend at least 4 hours: 1 hour for Pit 1, 1 hour for Pits 2 and 3, 30 minutes for the Bronze Chariots, and the rest for the Exhibition Hall. If time allows, visit the Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum—though the tomb itself is unexcavated, the site is grand and scenic, with free shuttle buses. Arrive before 9 AM to avoid tour group crowds.
Travel Experience
Unique Experiences
- VR Experience: Virtual reality recreates Qin Dynasty scenes.
- Artifact Restoration Observation: Watch staff restore figures in Pit 2.
- Qin Culture Performances: Periodic reenactments in the scenic area.
- Terracotta Figure Crafting: Make miniature terracotta models.
Photography Tips
Best Photo Spots:
- Pit 1 eastern end for panoramas.
- Pit 2 kneeling archer close-ups.
- Bronze Chariots Exhibition Hall for bronze details.
- Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum mound panorama.
Equipment Tips:
- Wide-angle lens for panoramas.
- Telephoto lens for details.
- Tripod for low-light exhibition halls.
Panorama Shot
Detail Close-Up
Bronze Chariots
VR Experience Shock
At the VR Experience Center, I spent 50 CNY on the "Travel Back to the Qin Dynasty" project. Wearing VR goggles, the Terracotta Army "came to life" in vibrant colors, marching in formation with rumbling chariots, as if I were in the Qin Dynasty 2,200 years ago. Though pricey, this immersive experience deepened my understanding of the Terracotta Army, especially seeing the restored painted figures and learning why the Qin favored black—most soldiers’ armor was black.
Tips and Notes
Visiting Guidelines
- No flash photography of artifacts.
- Do not touch any artifacts or exhibits.
- No smoking or eating in exhibition halls.
- Keep quiet and avoid loud noises.
Safety Tips
- Keep personal belongings secure due to large crowds.
- Watch for uneven steps and surfaces.
- Stay hydrated in summer; dress warmly in winter.
Other Suggestions
- Buy tickets online to avoid queues.
- Limited dining options on-site; bring snacks.
- Wear comfortable shoes for extensive walking.
- Hire a guide or rent an audio guide (30–50 CNY).
My Lessons Learned
On my first visit, I didn’t hire a guide and missed many details. Later, I learned that each figure’s pose, hairstyle, and clothing has specific meanings—e.g., side buns indicate officers, and crowns signify senior generals. On my second visit, I rented an audio guide, which made a huge difference. In summer, I didn’t bring enough water, and on-site water was expensive with long lines. Bring enough water, especially if traveling with elderly or children.
Frequently Asked Questions
Local Cuisine
Xi'an Specialties
- Roujiamo (Chinese Hamburger): Xi'an’s famous street food, with crispy bread and tender meat.
- Liangpi (Cold Noodles): A refreshing summer dish, spicy and tangy.
- Yangrou Paomo (Mutton Stew with Bread): A hearty Xi'an classic, rich and flavorful.
- Biangbiang Noodles: Wide, chewy handmade noodles.
- Hulu Chicken: A traditional Xi'an dish, crispy outside and tender inside.
Lintong Specialties
- Lintong Persimmons: Autumn specialty, thin-skinned and juicy.
- Stone-Baked Bread: Traditional flatbread baked with heated stones.
- Oil Tea: A savory local breakfast dish.
Recommended Restaurants
- Terracotta Army Scenic Restaurant: Convenient but pricey.
- Lintong Old-Style Eateries: Affordable and authentic.
- Xi'an Huimin Street: Explore various snacks after returning to Xi'an.
Roujiamo
Yangrou Paomo
Liangpi
Culinary Discovery
After visiting the Terracotta Army, I found a small eatery in Lintong with the best roujiamo I’ve ever tasted—crisp bread, succulent braised meat, and homemade chili sauce. The owner said they use traditional baking methods and a family recipe for the meat. In autumn, try Lintong’s persimmons—thin-skinned and sweet like honey.
Accommodation
Lintong District
Pros: Close to the Terracotta Army, lower prices than Xi'an city.
Cons: Limited dining and entertainment options.
- Budget: Home Inn, Hanting, etc. (150–300 CNY/night).
- Mid-Range: Lintong Angsana Hot Spring Hotel (600–1,000 CNY/night).
- Luxury: Huaqing Yutang Hotel (1,000+ CNY/night, includes hot springs).
Xi'an City
Pros: More choices, rich dining and entertainment options.
Cons: Farther from the Terracotta Army (1-hour drive).
- Budget: Budget hotels near Bell Tower/Drum Tower (200–400 CNY/night).
- Mid-Range: Four-star hotels near South Gate (500–800 CNY/night).
- Luxury: Sofitel Legend, Westin, etc. (1,000+ CNY/night).
Budget Hotel
Hot Spring Hotel
City Hotel
Accommodation Experience
I’ve tried two accommodation options: staying in Lintong allows early entry to the Terracotta Army to avoid crowds, but nightlife is limited. Staying in Xi'an offers access to Huimin Street and Bell/Drum Towers, but requires an early start. I recommend Lintong’s hot spring hotels—relax in a spa after visiting, then explore Xi'an the next day.
Recommended Itineraries
One-Day Classic Tour
Morning: Terracotta Army Museum (Pits 1, 2, 3, Bronze Chariots).
Afternoon: Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum, Lishan Garden.
Evening: Return to Xi'an, explore Huimin Street.
Two-Day In-Depth Tour
Day 1: Terracotta Army Museum + Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum.
Day 2 Morning: Huaqing Palace (Tang Dynasty hot spring palace).
Day 2 Afternoon: Lishan Cable Car + Bingjian Pavilion (Xi'an Incident site).
Three-Day Xi'an Highlights
Day 1: Terracotta Army + Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum.
Day 2: Shaanxi History Museum + Big Wild Goose Pagoda + Tang Dynasty Never-Sleeping City.
Day 3: Xi'an City Wall + Bell/Drum Towers + Huimin Street.
One-Day Tour
Two-Day Tour
Three-Day Tour
My Itinerary Recommendation
For first-time visitors, I recommend the "Two-Day In-Depth Tour." Day 1 focuses on the Terracotta Army and Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum, worth a full day. Day 2 morning visits Huaqing Palace for Tang Dynasty history, and the afternoon includes the Lishan Cable Car and Bingjian Pavilion for the Xi'an Incident. This itinerary balances nature and history without being rushed. If time allows, add a third day in Xi'an for the Shaanxi History Museum, which complements the Terracotta Army with its Qin Dynasty artifacts.